52 pages • 1 hour read
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The fate of the Northern Rockies’ wolves is a becoming a major cultural and legal issue. In Missoula, Montana, a judge hears a vital case on the subject, as protesters throng in front of the court house. In an emerging culture war, in part about the cleavage between urban and rural America, wolves have become a hot-button topic.
Inside the courtroom, what’s at stake is who should manage wolf populations. US Fish and Wildlife delisted wolves from their endangered species list, handing control of wolves over to the states in Idaho and Montana. For this to happen, the states had to produce plans showing how they would manage wolf numbers, hence the introduction of hunting seasons there. But officials deemed Wyoming’s plan unsatisfactory. Thus, wolves there remained federally protected, and the state was unable to introduce a hunting season.
A legal team led by lawyer Doug Honnold argues that this split is unprecedented—either the wolves in the Northern Rockies are being adequately protected or they are not. Wyoming’s inability to satisfactorily manage the wolf population should, Honnold says, land the species back on the endangered list. Honnold also argues that the numbers defining recovery in the original reintroduction plan 20 years ago were arbitrarily set at 100 wolves per state, a political but not scientific compromise. Any effort by Idaho (whose governor has vowed to drastically reduce the wolf population) or Montana to reduce numbers in line with that document would be disastrous for the wolves.
Honnold also believes he holds a trump card. He says that part of the reintroduction plan’s original criteria to decide if populations were recovered was sufficient genetic connectivity: whether wolves were roaming far enough to ensure packs mixed and did not interbreed. This seems not to be the case at all, as only a handful of wolves from Greater Yellowstone are able to breach the imposing Beartooth Mountains to the north, to join up with other packs.
The opposing side argues that this is a red herring. Idaho and Montana have produced adequate plans. Idaho’s, for example, claims to target a wolf population of 500 to 700 wolves—far greater than the number Honnold is worrying about. The issue for Honnold is that this plan is not legally binding. His opponents say Honnold cannot prove Idaho’s intentions and federal authorities must accept the plan at face value.
The case adjourns with the wolves’ fate in the balance. What is clear is that wolves remain as polarizing as ever. Honnold has even received death threats for his attempts to protect them. For many, their reintroduction feels like the latest imposition by policymakers in distant Washington, DC, and they are not happy about it.
Back in the park, one of the scattered Druid females comes too close to O-Six’s den for comfort. O-Six confronts her, but as Rick and his colleagues watch through their scopes, O-Six eschews a fight, sniffs the female, and lets her move on. It’s an encounter Rick characteries as “wise” and compassionate.
Rick knows scientists frown on this kind of anthropomorphizing, but the storyteller in him finds it hard to resist. Rick’s view is that wolves’ behavior is so close to humans’ that his language is apt: wolves are social, territorial, and mate for life. Male wolves help care for offspring—something very unusual in the animal world. In history at least, many thinkers considered wolves and humans extremely similar, even if scientists discuss them with detached language today.
Not long after the stray Druid’s visit, the pups are old enough to leave the bowl and explore the mountainside. The adults keep them under close watch. At three months old and about 30 pounds each, they are still no match for passing bears or rival wolves. But they are beginning to develop personalities: observers have taken to calling the males Dark Gray Male, already adventurous, and Shy Male. The two females are, for now, too similar to differentiate. However, all are beginning to learn from their mother, the formidable hunter.
One day, playing in the creek, O-Six spots a lone bull elk grazing in the meadow above them. She stalks him with her pack in tow. The elk notices them and trots into the trees. O-Six, 754, and three pups give chase, whilst 755 watches over Shy Male. The bull is no slouch, and O-Six peels away before any attempt at a kill. It is a practice run, the pups’ first taste of the hunt. Their excitement augurs well for the winter.
Rick gleefully watches the scene and continues his fastidious note-taking. His relationship to the wolves borders on obsession and dwarves his other relationships. Attempts at romance have been fleeting, with little room for dating. Rick’s daily need to spot a wolf dominates his life. He is famous for it, of course, and leading scope manufacturer Swarovski even sent him one of their flagship models to use. But Rick’s obsession takes a toll on those around him. Sometimes, he can be short with park-goers, and he relies on Laurie to help him navigate these situations. Doug McLaughlin, too, keeps Rick on an even keel. Once, he even drove out in a blizzard with Rick to make sure he got his daily wolf fix.
Rick’s love of the wolves has led to him taking so many notes that he doesn’t know how to start writing his book. He fears, if he sits down to write it, or if he has to leave the park to promote it, he will be torn away from what he actually loves—the wolves. It was a fate that befell Jane Goodall when she tore herself away from her beloved chimps to advocate for them. So Rick keeps observing and taking his notes. Since coming to Yellowstone, he has now transcribed around 5 million words worth of observations.
On August 5, 2010, Judge Molloy rules that federal authorities must return wolves in the Northern Rockies to the endangered species list. Molloy agrees with lawyer Doug Hannold that the current situation is inconsistent but refuses to rule on the initial reintroduction plan’s shortcomings. Still, it’s a reprieve that nixes the fall wolf-hunting seasons.
There is much bigger political scrap going on, though. Aghast at President Obama’s economic bailout following the 2008 financial crisis and his Affordable Care Act, so-called Tea Party Republicans are in the ascendency. They are set to pose a huge problem to Democrats at the midterm elections and beyond—including to someone like Montana’s Democratic Senator John Tester, who is up for reelection in 2012.
Tester won his senate race by less than 1%. Now, there are signs wealthy rancher and real estate honcho Denny Rehberg will run against him. Rehberg opposes both Obama’s bailout and his health care plan, but he also comes out strongly against wolves. In an op-ed for a Bozeman newspaper, Rehberg likened the situation to a horror plot, casting the wolves as indefatigable monsters. The lurid sentiment has resonated with local voters. Tester decides he must try to strike down Judge Molloy’s ruling if he can find a way. The Democrats’ Senate majority is so fragile, they will sacrifice Yellowstone’s wolves to shore it up.
This section elevates the book above a simple environmental tale. Blakeslee establishes the issue of Yellowstone’s wolves as part of the hardening culture war between adherents to different visions of America. Remember, this is happening during President Obama’s tenure. The sense of a building disconnect between various communities in the country will go a long way to propelling his successor, Donald Trump, to the White House. That might be characterized as a fight between rural and urban America, or red and blue America, or conservative or liberal America—though these dichotomies all flatten some nuances of the divisions and debates in the country’s body politic. Still, many of the anti-wolf figures in the book seem to resent what they see as distant politicians’ meddling in local issues, and the issue of states’ rights versus federal government is a historic tension that runs through the United States.
Perhaps that is why Blakeslee interweaves the story of Doug Honnold’s court case with a chapter characterizing Rick as a frustrated storyteller. At its core, America’s culture war can be seen as a battle of stories, of grand narratives about what exactly should constitute the country and its culture. Rick can on some level sense the importance of telling a new story about wolves, one that redresses those many narratives, handed down through history, casting wolves as evil. Though they might be formidable predators, their success does not need to come at the expense of humans anymore. Indeed, the text returns to the theme of family and packs in these chapters, and readers can note behavior in the wolves that is not that distant from our own (particularly in the rearing and protection of children). Rick wants to share his compassion for these complex animals because he knows that if more people understood wolves’ real lives, they might be a far less divisive issue. Alas, Rick cannot accomplish this by himself, and the reader can see in Chapter 7 the extent to which he resembles a lone wolf gradually acclimating to life in a pack.
Chapter 8, meanwhile, covers a lot of ground. Blakeslee continues to foreshadow O-Six’s travels eastward, toward places like Crandall, where she might encounter danger. He also provides a glimpse of some of the tensions in her pack and how difficult it can be for a pack to stay strong together. The issue of collaring is a thread Blakeslee weaves through the whole story, too, because of speculation later that hunters are targeting collared animals. The chapter’s most important aspect, though, is how Blakeslee situates wolf welfare as a political issue with national significance: Whether the public realizes or not, the Yellowstone wolves could affect who runs the entire country. That is to say, the irrational emotion around wolves, established now by Blakeslee, could shape America’s fate. This sobering point is a strand of the story that may inform the reader’s understanding of American politics since the book was written.
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