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The arrival of the new internees has two advantages. First, a full facility means the blind will be able to set up a more stable social system. Second, the government will start to deliver the right amount of food on time in part because they no longer must guess the number of mouths to feed, and also to prevent an organized uprising. More importantly, this chapter gives readers a glimpse of the world outside of the asylum. When the old man with the black eyepatch arrives in the first ward, the doctor realizes that the old man was one of his patients and chats with him. Then the old man reveals that he bought a battery-powered radio, and his fellow ward mates gather around to listen. He can tune to a music station, which announces the time is four o’clock in the afternoon. The doctor’s wife resets her watch, though the girl hears the click of the dial and asks about it. The doctor’s wife tells her it is a nervous tic and narrowly escapes discovery.
The old man then begins to tell everyone what he knows (though the second narrator steps in to offer more details). He explains that hundreds of people went blind in the first 24 hours of the epidemic. Early reports given to the public suggested that the number of infected dropped off after the initial rush, but that was quickly debunked as the illness continued to spread “like an insidious infiltration” (122) across the country. The authorities organized meetings with ophthalmologists, neurologists, and other experts to discuss the disease. The meetings were futile—especially when the participants started going blind themselves. When the numbers of infected continued to rise, the Government called for home quarantine of the infected, which had the unintended consequence of creating households of blind people who could not care for themselves. Consequently, the Government massively expanded its internment initiative to try and contain the sick instead.
At this point the first blind man pipes up and asks about the state of traffic. The old man explains that at first, traffic was a nightmare. Buses full of people were crashing and causing mass casualties, but once two planes fell out of the air after pilots went blind, people stopped traveling by anything other than foot. Then the old man turns his questions to the crowd and suggests share the last thing each person saw before going blind. The old man says his last image is of his blind eye, which he was checking for inflammation before his good eye faded to white. Most share their stories, including the wife of the first blind man who was crying into a handkerchief and the pharmacist’s assistant who closed his eyes only to open them to nothingness.
The last person to share is an unnamed character who says he was looking at a painting. As he goes through the details of the painting—cornfields, a drowning dog, a woman with a child—his ward mates throw out guesses about the nationality of the painter. They cycle through many possibilities from Dutch to Spanish to Italian, but when the man cannot remember more about the painting, the conversation tapers off. The chapter concludes with the group listening to “not very encouraging” radio news reports about the imminent “formation of a government of unity and national salvation” to combat the epidemic (130).
The asylum is now overpopulated, and the mix of crowding and blindness leads to widespread filth. The lavatories have become “fetid caverns such as the gutters in hell,” and many have taken to relieving themselves wherever they see fit. Even the grounds are covered in feces. The disgusting conditions are driving the doctor’s wife to the end of her rope, and she tells her husband that maybe if she confesses she can see, she can put the whole asylum to order. Her husband warns her that more likely she will become nursemaid, laundress, and go-between all rolled into one: “Some will hate you for seeing,” the doctor tells her, “don’t think that blindness has made us better people” (133). The doctor’s wife goes to bed resolute, but that commitment wanes by morning.
Since the last food free-for-all, the first ward has developed a system for distributing rations. Two members go pick up the boxes of food, and then they set up a distribution station at one end of the ward. People then go up two at a time to grab their meals, which are handed out equally. This morning, the two people designated to pick up the day’s food rush back to the ward, exclaiming that a group of blind internees had refused to distribute the rations, claiming that “from now on anyone who wants to eat will have to pay” (136). The doctor, his wife, and the first blind man go to speak with the other blind inmates, who have armed themselves with poles from their bed frames and sticks. One blind woman goes to the main gate to ask the soldiers for help, but they pretend not to hear her. In fact, they have received strict orders from a captain that if the internees end “up killing each other, so much the better” (138).
Back in the asylum, the leader of the blind thugs takes out a gun and fires it into the ceiling. Once he has everyone’s attention, he tells them they are to bring all their valuables to them in exchange for food. When the doctor’s wife starts asking questions about process, the lead thug threatens to shoot her. He declares that they will decide how much each ward deserves to eat based on how much loot they can offer.
The group returns to the first ward and shares the news. After a brief back-and-forth, the group decides to comply and starts collecting their valuables. As the doctor’s wife goes through her things, she realizes that she has a pair of scissors. She hangs them off of a nail on the wall well out of reach of groping blind hands. Once the goods are collected, the doctor and the first blind man return to the blind thugs’ ward. As they hand over their belongings, the doctor realizes that they have someone taking notes for them. At first he thinks it is a second sighted person, but he quickly realizes that it is a “normal blind person” (146) writing in braille. Once the goods are tallied, the thugs release three boxes of food. The doctor protests, saying that they typically get four boxes to feed the first ward. The lead thug pulls his gun on the doctor, who backs down, takes the food, and leaves.
On the way back to the ward, the doctor tells the first blind man that he should have tried to grab the gun. The doctor laments his cowardice, but the first blind man gently explains that taking the gun would have started a war. The doctor begrudgingly agrees. When the two return with only three boxes of food, a few of their ward mates accuse them of not standing up for their rights. When the men explain what happened, the dissenters retract their objections and everyone eats their reduced rations in peace.
The old man with the eyepatch does not turn his radio over to the blind thugs, assuming they would not think it valuable. Instead, he keeps it and listens to it alone under his blanket. Once he gets the news, he summarizes it and shares it with the people closest to him, who then pass it around the ward not unlike the game of telephone. Soon, the old man has no news to share because the news anchor—and presumably, everyone in the studio—has gone blind. All that comes through after the news anchor’s anguished exclamation of “I’m blind” is static, and the old man cannot help but weep.
Everyone in the ward goes to sleep except the doctor’s wife, who keeps mulling over her husband’s initial impression that the blind thugs had someone they could use as a spy. She realizes that she can do the same thing for her ward. She gets up quietly and walks barefoot through the slick, sludgy halls in search of the third ward. As she passes blind people sleeping in the hallway, she notices a young man and woman having sex. She stops to watch for a moment and wonders how they found each other, if they were struck blind together, or if they found each other at the asylum by some incredible twist of fate.
She continues to the third ward, making as little noise as possible. She stops outside the door across the hall from the blind sentry, who is slowly waving a stick back and forth to feel for any intruders. He seems to sense that someone is there, but the doctor’s wife stands very still and waits for him to relax. She creeps forward enough to count the people in ward three and realizes there are only “nineteen or twenty” (158) occupants. As she stands there, the guard sits on the bed they are using as a blockade and drifts off to sleep. The doctor’s wife watches him for a second and feels “a strange compassion” (158) for the man before being struck by bone-deep weariness. She turns around and sneaks back into bed with no one the wiser.
Here, readers meet the last member of the first ward’s core group: the blind man with the eye patch. He establishes his position within the first ward by brokering in wisdom: First, he makes it into the ward by acting patiently and waiting out the stampede of new arrivals. Second, he brings a battery-powered hand radio with him. The radio allows the members of the first ward to get a glimpse of the outside world through news reports, which the old man knows are deliberately optimistic. After all, he has spent the longest amount of time outside of the asylum, so he has a better benchmark for weighing reality against the honesty of the news reports. He tells everyone that the optimism of the radio reporter is misplaced because “the panic out there is such that it won’t be long before they start killing people off the moment they know they have gone blind” (118). The old man’s firsthand knowledge gives him power within the group, which is not lost on him. That is why he keeps the radio to himself and becomes a sort of post-apocalyptic Homer, sharing information from the news reports with his ward mates until the airwaves go dead. He can hold the keys of power long enough to cement his role within the first ward’s community. His decision to do this buys him a spot in the core group of characters, and he later becomes an integral part in their emerging family unit.
Consequently, readers begin to see that those in the first ward are no longer just an amalgam of people thrown together by fate and illness. This only happens because of the doctor’s wife, who despite bearing literal witness to the horrors of the asylum insists that if she and her ward mates “cannot live entirely like human beings, at least let us do everyone in our power not to live entirely like animals” (116). This is quickly adopted by the first warders as a spiritual dictum. Like a proverb in the Bible, the members of the first ward adopt this as one of their guiding principles. It is why they work together to care for one another, and it is why they are generous with what they have when the other wards struggle to survive. They set up systems to make sure that food is distributed to all the occupants evenly, even if the rations are meager. The lack of connection has led to widespread degeneration amongst the other blind internees; the doctor’s wife is particularly attuned to this, and she realizes that unless the first ward “come[s] to their assistance, [they] will soon turn into animals, worse still, into blind animals” (133).
The small, microcosmic community emerging in the first ward stands in stark contrast to the larger, theoretically more functional social communities of the world around them. Saramago uses this small group of people to explore what strong community—and as a result, strong society—should be. Rather than use power as their primary means of organization, the first ward instead leans on communal responsibility and kindness. This allows them to preserve their humanity in ways others cannot, even in the face of the “misfortune and evil” (144) of their present situation. The dichotomy between the compassion-based community of the first ward and the ineffective power brokerage of more traditional social constructions becomes especially obvious once the blind hoodlums seize power. Instead of working to make sure all are treated as well as possible, they leverage food to secure their own well-being within the asylum and—should the disease be curable—outside of it as well. The result is widespread illness, malnutrition, and unrest, and the sacrifice of the needs of the many to meet the needs of the few. The rise of this system, along with the consequences of allowing tyrants like the blind hoodlums to seize power, is on full display in the next section. However, Saramago continues to explore the implications and impact of the first ward’s emerging community from this moment all the way to the novel’s conclusion.
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By José Saramago