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In the last days of Narnia, an ape named Shift lives in a tree house close to a great waterfall near the Western Wild. No one can recall when Shift first came to reside there because he is so old: “the cleverest, ugliest, most wrinkled Ape you can imagine” (7). Since few talking animals, humans, or dwarfs live in this area, Shift has only one neighbor: a donkey named Puzzle. Although Shift and Puzzle refer to each other as friends, Puzzle is more like Shift’s servant. Puzzle knows that Shift is smarter than he is, and the donkey ends up doing all of the work.
One day, Shift sees a lion skin floating in the Caldron Pool. He convinces Puzzle to retrieve it: Shift has the idea of sewing the lion skin so Puzzle can wear it to impersonate Aslan, the “Great Lion,” and get everyone to do whatever he tells them. Puzzle is horrified by the thought of disrespecting Aslan and does not want to wear the lion skin, but he reluctantly agrees when Shift pressures him. Part of Puzzle’s face is visible through the mouth of the lion’s head; if an observer does not look closely, they might mistake the donkey for a lion, but no one who has seen a real lion would be fooled.
Shift says he will act as Puzzle’s adviser and that together they will set everything right in Narnia. Shift declares that the real Aslan never appears these days. Suddenly, there is a great thunderclap and a small earthquake. Puzzle interprets these events as a warning that wearing the lion skin is wicked. However, Shift reinterprets these occurrences as a sign that Aslan wants Puzzle to do this act.
About three weeks later, King Tirian speaks with his dearest friend, Jewel the unicorn. A strong young man with an honest face, Tirian is the last of the kings of Narnia. He and Jewel love each other like brothers and have saved each other’s lives during wars; now they talk about Aslan’s seeming reappearance after generations of absence. Despite various creatures’ reports, Roonwit, a noble centaur, announces that “the stars say nothing of the coming of Aslan, nor of peace, nor of joy” (19). The centaur warns that a terrible evil hangs over Narnia and that it is a lie that Aslan has come. Jewel wonders if Aslan might have arrived anyway, since “He is not a Tame Lion” (20).
A wailing dryad suddenly approaches, pleading for the king’s protection because the talking trees in Lantern Waste are being chopped down. Roonwit advises the king to wait for reinforcements before going after the villains. However, the king sends Roonwit to gather his army at Cair Paravel and then angrily sets off alone with Jewel. They see a water rat on the river taking newly cut logs to sell to the Calormenes. The water rat says he is following Aslan’s orders. King Tirian is shocked. He witnesses the gash in the ancient forest where the Tree of Protection stands. Half of those chopping the trees are dark, bearded men from the cruel country of Calormen. Narnia and Calormen are currently at peace, but it is unusual to see many Calormenes in Narnia. When Tirian and Jewel encounter two Calormenes whipping a harnessed talking horse, they are too angry to think clearly. They rashly kill both Calormenes.
When Tirian frees the talking horse, the horse tells the king that he was enslaved at Aslan’s command. Other Calormenes rush to attack, but Jewel urges Tirian to get on his back, and the unicorn outruns the attackers. However, instead of returning to Cair Paravel, Tirian decides to surrender to be brought to justice before Aslan: Tirian and Jewel feel dishonored by having murdered two unarmed Calormenes, though they are also horrified by the horse and water rat’s descriptions of Aslan, which differ from everything they believe about the lion.
The Calormenes take Tirian and Jewel to a clearing on top of a hill where an ape sits in front of a stable-like hut. Shift looks uglier and sillier than ever because he has a paper crown on his head and wears a scarlet jacket with jeweled slippers. The chief Calormene addresses Shift as “O Lord Shift, mouthpiece of Aslan” (30). Shift seizes Tirian’s sword and belt and hangs it around his own neck; he also orders the talking squirrels to give him most of their winter hoard of nuts. The crowd of talking beasts facing Shift look very worried and groan when they see the identities of the prisoners. A few animals ask why they cannot talk to Aslan face to face as everyone did in the old days. Shift announces that he is not an ape but a man and that Aslan will only speak directly to him because Shift is so wise. Shift declares that Aslan has arranged to sell the Narnians into slavery to the Tisroc, the king of Calormen.
Shift proclaims that the Calormenes’ god, Tash, is just another name for Aslan. The animals look brokenhearted, except for a cat, Ginger, who asks for clarification that Aslan means “no more” than Tash. Unable to bear it, Tirian cries out that Shift is lying. However, Calormenes hit Tirian in the mouth and knock him down, stopping him from speaking. Shift tells them to take Tirian away where he cannot be heard.
The Calormenes take advantage of King Tirian’s dizziness, tightly binding him to a tree. Narnians pass by Tirian looking sad and fearful, but no one speaks to him. At twilight, mice and some other talking animals secretly bring supper to their beloved king. These Narnians say they would have fought off Shift and the Calormenes but that they cannot go against Aslan. They never imagined that Aslan would give harsh orders, such as enslaving them; however, they have seen the lion and assume he is punishing them for some unknown wrong.
After his helpers leave, Tirian sees a bonfire on top of the hill, where Shift speaks to a crowd before opening the stable door. The crowd wails for mercy when a stiff-looking, hairy creature emerges from the stable and says nothing. Tirian has never seen a lion before, but he recalls the earlier falsehood about Tash and Aslan being the same. Tirian realizes this portrayal of Aslan must be a fraud.
Tirian thinks of the worst times in history, when Aslan and some children from another world rescued Narnia. Although Tirian knows those events occurred long ago, he dares calling on Aslan for help now. Even when he sees no change, Tirian begins to feel a faint hope and asks Aslan to let his voice be heard beyond Narnia. When Tirian calls for the children who have helped Narnia in the past, he plunges into a vivid dream: Tirian seems to be standing in a room where seven people sit at a table. They are startled to see him, unsure if Tirian is a phantom. When High King Peter commands Tirian to speak, Tirian cannot. He miserably awakens, still tied to a tree.
In the opening chapters of this final book in the series, C. S. Lewis foreshadows Narnia’s end by referring to “the last days of Narnia” and characterizing Tirian as “the last of the Kings of Narnia” (7; 17). Roonwit the Centaur, an expert interpreter of the stars, likewise warns of coming cataclysm, speaking of “terrible things written in the skies” and saying that “some great evil hangs over Narnia” (19; 20).
Lewis explores the repercussions of deception when he portrays Shift as the originator of this great evil. Shift’s name indicates his duplicity, as does his mistreatment of his so-called “friend,” Puzzle. Repeatedly tricking Puzzle into doing all of the work while Shift eats all of the nice things, the conscienceless Shift takes advantage of Puzzle’s compassion and sense of being unintelligent. Driven by greed and a lust for power, Shift hatches the plan to dress Puzzle in a lion skin to impersonate Aslan. Lewis depicts Shift as a false prophet who deliberately misinterprets the supernatural signs of a thunderclap and an earthquake to make the humble Puzzle ignore his sense of right and wrong.
With this false Aslan, Shift deceives more and more Narnians into believing that Aslan has returned. Lewis shows the dangerous repercussions of this deception as Narnians obey Shift’s harsh orders and allow their enemies, the Calormenes, to enslave them, all because they believe that Aslan has commanded these things. Although Roonwit warns King Tirian that it is a lie that Aslan has returned to Narnia, King Tirian is confused because he has been told that Aslan is not “tame” and therefore doesn’t know what Aslan is capable of. Lewis uses King Tirian’s stance to illustrate a believer’s vulnerability to being deceived if they are not clear about the true character of the God they follow. The false Aslan’s so-called commands temporarily dishearten Tirian and Jewel, who wonder if their concept of Aslan was inaccurate. However, while capable of acting rashly and even immorally, Tirian and Jewel remain good characters based on their capacity for repentance; they possess such developed moral consciences that they try to surrender to the justice of Aslan when they kill unarmed enemies.
Shift’s abusive relationship of domination with Puzzle contrasts with the relationship of brotherly love and equality between King Tirian and Jewel. Beyond being merely cruel, however, Shift is a false mediator, presenting himself as Aslan’s “mouthpiece” and preventing the Narnians from speaking face to face with God as they did in the past. Lewis develops the book’s Christian allegory by portraying Shift as a kind of antichrist. Shift tries to confuse the Narnians into believing that the Calormenes’ “terrible god Tash who fed on the blood of his people” is identical with the Christlike Aslan, “the good Lion by whose blood all Narnia was saved” (36). Tirian’s realization that this assertion of sameness is a lie finally convinces him that Shift is perpetrating a fraud. Lewis’s characterization of Shift, a very old ape who asserts that he is actually a man, also seems to parody those who build their views of what it means to be human on Darwinian evolutionary theory; to Lewis, scientific explanations of how humans came to exist have nothing meaningful to say about humans as moral and spiritual beings. Regardless, Shift certainly represents the lowest, most “animalistic” impulses in human beings. “The enlightened Ape” who says there is no difference between right and wrong completely lacks spiritual and moral development (35).
Tirian’s review of Narnian history—moments when Aslan and the mysterious children from another world saved Narnia—suggests that what happens in this book will mark the culmination of these earlier episodes. Lewis likens Tirian’s assumption that “that sort of thing doesn’t happen now” to the attitude many contemporary people have towards biblical descriptions of God’s miracles (43). Lewis also conveys a believer’s experience when he depicts Tirian’s decision to call upon Aslan in the present—initially nothing seems to change, except that a faint hope emerges inside Tirian.
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By C. S. Lewis